2009年7月19日星期日
Brain stimulation combined brain imaging
Volume 13, Issue 7, July 2009, Pages 319-327
Concurrent brain-stimulation and neuroimaging for studies of cognition
Neuroimaging can address activity across the entire brain in relation to cognition, but is typically correlative rather than causal. Brain stimulation can target a local brain area causally, but without revealing the entire network affected. Combining brain stimulation with concurrent neuroimaging allows a new causal approach to how interplay between extended networks of brain regions can support cognition. Brain stimulation does not affect only the targeted local region but also activity in remote interconnected regions. These remote effects depend on cognitive factors (e.g. task-condition), revealing dynamic changes in interplay between brain areas. We illustrate this with examples from top-down modulation of visual cortex, response-competition, inter-hemispheric rivalry and motor tasks; but the new approach should be applicable to many domains of cognition.
Article Outline
Introduction: causal roles for specific brain regions within extended networks in support of cognition
Concurrent TMS–fMRI reveals remote effects of brain stimulation
Concurrent TMS–EEG also reveals remote effects of brain stimulation
State-dependence of remote effects in concurrent TMS–EEG
State-dependence of remote effects in concurrent TMS–fMRI
Concluding remarks
Acknowledgements
References
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attached:
(Real time fMRI maybe necessary to understand this.)
Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 720-729 (September 2008) | doi:10.1038/nrn2414
Opinion: Applications of real-time fMRI
A Robot That's Learning to Smile
The UCSD robot watches itself to learn how to pull new facial expressions.
Researchers at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), who demoed a realistic-looking robot Einstein at the TED Conference last February, have now gone a step farther, infusing the robot with the ability to improve its own expressions through learning.
Previously, the head of the robot--designed by Hanson Robotics--could only respond to the people around it using a variety of preprogrammed expressions. With 31 motors and a realistic skinlike material called Frubber, the head delighted and surprised TED conference goers last winter.
Inspired by how babies babble to learn words and expressions, the UCSD researchers have now given the Einstein-bot its own learning ability. Instead of being preprogrammed to make certain facial expressions, the UCSD robot experiments in front of a mirror, gradually learning how its motors control its facial expressions. In this way, it learns to re-create particular expressions. The group presented its paper last month at the 2009 IEEE Conference on Development and Learning.
According to a press release from the university,
Once the robot learned the relationship between facial expressions and the muscle movements required to make them, the robot learned to make facial expressions it had never encountered.
Such an expressive robot could be useful as an assistant or teacher, or just as a means of learning more about how humans develop expressions. But a robot that watches itself in a mirror, practicing and improving how it looks, seems like another step into uncanny valley.
2009年7月14日星期二
日本科学家正在研制机械-昆虫混合体
东京大学教授RyoheiKanzaki研究虫 脑30年,现在是昆虫-机械混合体领域的先锋人物。他的终极目标是理解人脑并重建因伤病而损害的连接,为此先仔细研究了神经元较少的虫脑。经过百万年的进 化,虫脑可控制复杂的动作,比如在飞行中捕食一只甲虫。RyoheiKanzaki希望能人工重现虫脑。他说,如果能用电路重现虫脑,那么就可以通过调节 大脑回路去控制一只真脑。
雄蚕蛾可以根据气味或体外激素追踪雌性蚕蛾一公里,Kanzaki小组已经成功地“重写”了一些蚕蛾的脑回路,用修改基因的方法让它们对光反应而不是气味,或者对其它蛾类的气味产生反应。在另一项实验中,一只雄蚕蛾被绑在类似玩具电动汽车的装置上,研究人员用雌性体味诱导它向左或右拐弯。他们发现,蛾子可以控制汽车,并可以很快适应汽车控制方式的变化。Kanzaki说昆虫或许有象人那样驾驶汽车的潜能。
建造一只比真的蠕虫爬得慢的虫子是没有意义的,他希望造出比昆虫活体强大得多的虫-机混合体。"
来源:solidot
按:脑机接口的技术看来有两类:一类是人的脑机接口(主要通过ERP、NIRS等技术)。这种技术通常都只能用在残障人士、玩游戏、意念控制家电上。还有一类是动物脑机接口,似乎这类比上一类更有应用前景,因为昆虫、老鼠等可以到达人类到达不了的区域。MIT技术评论曾把这类技术评为2009年十大技术(insect-machine hybrids)。
当然上面都是通过机器控制脑去间接控制生物体,看上去没有多少技术的想象力。还有一类会发生伦理问题,就是通过生物大脑去控制机器,或者把人脑的某个组织替换成机器。为什么这两个没有多少媒体报道呢?看起来这与国防有关系,相对机密。毕竟DARPA的人很聪明,为什么要把这两个违反伦理(可能也违反法律)的技术公之于众呢。但无论如何,这都会使得一个国家的军队力量提升。
2009年7月5日星期日
一个用flash视频演示生物(神经)实验的网站
今天发现的这个网站包括神经科学的视频实验。目前最新发表的实验protocol(生物实验意义上的procedure)是波士顿大学生物医学工程系的学者对一种“活化石”动物神经电测量的实验视频。
细看了下,过去发表的还包括对海兔的实验过程。
资源比较丰富。但是还不够丰富。。。例如上面并没有说他们的一些实验器具到底是买的还是自己做的。
2009年7月4日星期六
2009年6月27日星期六
2009年6月19日星期五
一种生物性的“不要惊恐”按钮?
以下为转载内容:
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据6月19日的《科学》杂志报道说,一种转运蛋白配体(或称结合分子)看来能够抵消在小鼠以及人类中的焦虑症和惊恐发作,而且它没有与其它的当前疗法相关的负面的副作用。 这些发现表明,这种叫做XBD173的配体可能成为一个安全及快速起效的抗焦虑症的良好的候选药物。目前的诸如benzodiazepines的疗法常常存在有害的副作用:如镇静、耐受或在长期使用之后会出现戒断症状等。抗忧郁症药物有时也被用来治疗焦虑症,但它们的疗效仅仅是在几个星期的治疗之后才会出现。 为了寻找新的治疗方法,Rainer Rupprecht及其同僚给实验室大鼠施用了XBD173。他们观察到,XBD173几乎能够立刻防止惊恐行为的发生,而这些大鼠不会出现耐受性或任何有害的副作用。他们接着在70位健康男性中进行有关的研究,其中还包括一个服用安慰剂的小组。他们发现,XBD173可快速启动一种抗焦虑反应且不会在长期使用之后出现任何的戒断症状。 文章的作者说,XBD173可通过调节抑制性的神经递质GABA来促进其镇静效果。他们表示,这种配体可被考虑在未来用于临床。
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Article #19: "Translocator Protein (18 kDa) as Target for Anxiolytics without Benzodiazepine-Like Side Effects," by R. Rupprecht; D. Eser; T.C. Baghai; C. Schule; C. Nothdurfter at Ludwig Maximilian University in Muenchen, Germany; R. Rupprecht; G. Rammes; C. Nothdufter; R. Landgraf; F. Holsboer at Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry in Munich, Germany; G. Rammes at Technische Universitat in Munich, Germany; T. Troxler; C. Gentsch; H.O. Kalkman; F. Chaperon; V. Uzunov; K.H. McAllister; A. Floesser; K. Kucher at Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research in Basel, Switzerland; V. Bertaina-Anglade; C. Drieu La Rochelle at Biotrial in Rennes, France; D. Tuerck at Roche in Basel, Switzerland; B. Kiese at Novartis Pharma in Basel, Switzerland; M. Schumacher at INSERM in Paris, France.
原文摘要信息