特辑：增强认知的方式：药物/行为

能够用来增强人类的三种药物包括三种（Zack Lynch分类）：
6. Lynch's Law of Neuroceuticals

When data from biochips and brain imaging are combined they will enable the development of neuroceuticals. Neuroceuticals are tools that will reduce the severity of mental disorders and improve mental health.

Neuroceuticals can be broadly categorized into three classes:Cogniceuticals, Emoticeuticals, and Sensoceuticals.

即认知药物、情绪药物和感官药物。

但是，认知增强药物在所有方式中似乎引发的问题最多。神经人类学博客对这些情况做了报道。例如认知增强药物Adderall(安非他明缓释制剂)会引起幻觉、恶心、头疼、抑郁等。它还介绍了支持使用与反对使用这些药物的两派观点。似乎使用不使用这类药物已经不是科学的问题了，演变成药物滥用还是帮助人们提升Zack Lynch所谓neuro-competence的文化问题了。

那么，这些问题有解么？当然有解。增强认知的方式不只是药物。

国内的学者唐一源和注意研究的大师Posner最近在Trends in Cognitive Sciences上发表了一篇综述，对提升认知的行为方式做了粗略的分类。一种被称为注意训练（attentional training,简称AT)；另一种被称为注意状态训练（attentional state training，简称AST）。

学者对这两种方式的特点做了总结，挺清楚的。转载如下：

AT
• Trains executive attention networks
• Requires directed attention and effortful control
• Targets non-autonomic control systems
• Produces mental fatigue easily
• Training transfers to other cognitive abilities

AST
• Produces changes of body-mind state
• Requires effortful control (early stage) and effortless exercise (later)
• Involves the autonomic system
• Aims at achieving a relaxed and balanced state
• Training transfers to cognition, emotion and social behaviors

两种训练涉及的脑区都包括前部扣带回（anterior cingulate cortex）。

最后，总结者也提到通过体育锻炼（A.F. Kramer and K.I. Erickson, Capitalizing on cortical plasticity: influence of physical activity on cognition and brain function, Trends Cogn. Sci. 11 (2007), pp. 342–348.）和音乐学习(E.G. Schellenberg, Music and cognitive abilities, Psychol. Sci. 14 (2004), pp. 317–320.)也能提升认知能力。

所以，增强认知的方式可以包括：药物、计算机训练、类冥想方式、体育锻炼与音乐。原来如此。